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Objective@#Recent studies have shown a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. @*Methods@#This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency (25 [OH]D <30 ng/mL). The participants (n=116) received either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo capsules on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. The outcomes were pain intensity (scored 0 to 10), number of days with pain, number of consumed pain-relief medications (per day), and severity of systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea; total score of 0 to 12). @*Results@#Compared with baseline, our participants who received vitamin D experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (-1.0 and -1.5 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of days with pain (-1.0 day at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of consumed pain-relief medications (-1.0 at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), and systemic symptoms severity (-1.0 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group in terms of these outcomes. @*Conclusion@#Vitamin D supplementation in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency could improve systemic symptoms and reduce pain intensity, the number of days with pain, and the need for consuming pain-relief medications.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#Recent studies have shown a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. @*Methods@#This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency (25 [OH]D <30 ng/mL). The participants (n=116) received either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo capsules on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. The outcomes were pain intensity (scored 0 to 10), number of days with pain, number of consumed pain-relief medications (per day), and severity of systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea; total score of 0 to 12). @*Results@#Compared with baseline, our participants who received vitamin D experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (-1.0 and -1.5 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of days with pain (-1.0 day at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), the number of consumed pain-relief medications (-1.0 at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001), and systemic symptoms severity (-1.0 score at weeks 4 and 8, P<0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group in terms of these outcomes. @*Conclusion@#Vitamin D supplementation in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency could improve systemic symptoms and reduce pain intensity, the number of days with pain, and the need for consuming pain-relief medications.
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Background: Abnormalities in birth weight and gestational age cause several adverse maternal and infant out- comes. Our study aims to determine the potential factors that affect birth weight and gestational age, and their association
Materials and Methods: We conducted this cross-sectional study of 4415 pregnant women in Tehran, Iran, from July 6-21, 2015. Joint multilevel multiple logistic regression was used in the analysis with demographic and obstetrical variables at the first level, and the hospitals at the second level
Results: We observed the following prevalence rates: preterm [5.5%], term [94%], and postterm [0.5%]. Low birth weight [LBW] had a prevalence rate of 4.8%, whereas the prevalence rate for normal weight was 92.4, and 2.8% for macrosomia. Compared to term, older mother's age [odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.07], preeclampsia [OR=4.14, 95% CI: 2.71-6.31], multiple pregnancy [OR=18.04, 95% CI: 9.75- 33.38], and use of assisted reproductive technology [ART] [OR=2.47, 95% CI: 1.64-33.73] were associated with preterm birth. Better socioeconomic status [SES] was responsible for decreased odds for postterm birth com- pared to term birth [OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.37-0.74]. Cases with higher maternal body mass index [BMI] were 1.02 times more likely for macrosomia [95% CI: 1.01-1.04], and male infant sex [OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.21-2.60]. LBW was related to multiparity [OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.42-0.82], multiple pregnancy [OR=17.35, 95% CI: 9.73-30.94], and preeclampsia [OR=3.36, 95% CI: 2.15-5.24]
Conclusion: Maternal age, SES, preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, ART, higher maternal BMI, parity, and male infant sex were determined to be predictive variables for birth weight and gestational age after taking into consideration their association by using a joint multilevel multiple logistic regression model
ABSTRACT
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of husbands' participation in sexual education on sexual function during pregnancy
Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted on 123 couples who were divided in two intervention [A: couples, B: pregnant women] and one control [C] groups. Group A couples received sex education, Group B women received sex education without their spouses, and Group C women received routine prenatal care without sex education. Sexual functions of couples were assessed by Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI] and International Index Erectile Function [IIEF] questionnaires, before sex education, four weeks after the intervention, at the end of the second trimester and at the end of the third trimester
Results: Mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF were not different at baseline in three groups. Repeated measure analysis showed significant differences between groups [A and B with C] in the mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF during the third trimester. The mean total scores of the two intervention groups of A and B were not significant
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, promoting the sexual function of pregnant women needs to include the sex education on prenatal care. Whereas spouses' participation was suggested to have a great role in the effectiveness and strengthening of the education in various studies, this study showed that the lack of spouses' participation for whatever reasons may lead to the same results of previous studies which emphasized the necessity of spouses' participation
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Objectives: The physical injuries and financial implications as a result of road accidents have serious economic, cultural, and social effects. We conducted this study to determine any changes in the trend of road-accident-related deaths in Asian and North African countries from 1990 to 2010
Methods: The current study was carried out using data from the Global Burden of Disease database. First, the process was assessed using the growth curve divided into six regions. Moreover, the classification was done based on the death rate using growth mixed modeling
Results: The road injury death trend for men had more variations than women. Classification of these countries based on mortality using the latent growth mixture model resulted in more homogeneous classes according to trend in road fatalities. Disregarding gender and sex, there were four optimal classes. The first three classes had a decreasing trend with the third class having the greatest decreasing trend. South Korea and Taiwan were in this group. Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Iran, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Oman lay in group 4 and had an increasing trend in road injury deaths
Conclusions: Successful interventions that developed countries have used to avoid casualties of road injuries could be used in developing countries. These include passing laws making the use of seatbelts and child seats compulsory and determining appropriate speed limits
ABSTRACT
Background: Sampling was conducted on particles smaller than ten microns [PM10] in a high-traffic urban region once a week for two years in which fifteen heavy metals were measured
Methods: positive matrix factorization [EPA-PMF5], was used for source apportionment and characterization of the collected PM10. Assessment of cancer risk resulting from metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead was conducted in three concentration ranges of maximum, average and minimum
Results: Results for children and adults living in the region indicated that cancer risk indexes at different concentration ranges of carcinogenic metals were between 10-4 to 10-6 for adults and children. Since EPA recommendations suggest that planning should be conducted if cancer risk is in the range of 10-4 to 10-6, using PMF5 model, source characterization of pollutants was implemented by all measured heavy metals
Conclusion: It was found that 41.5% of PM10 resulted from fuel and combustion, 12% from waste dump soil of lead and zinc industries, 35.7% from suspended open soil and 11% from industrial activities. It was also found that cadmium, nickel and, chromium have higher cancer risk than other metals and, suspended open soil, industrial activities and industrial fuel and combustion are the main sources of these metals respectively
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to model the avoidable burden of the risk factors of road traffic crashes in Iran and to prioritize interventions to reduce that burden. METHODS: The prevalence and the effect size of the risk factors were obtained from data documented by the traffic police of Iran in 2013. The effect size was estimated using an ordinal regression model. The potential impact fraction index was applied to calculate the avoidable burden in order to prioritize interventions. This index was calculated for theoretical, plausible, and feasible minimum risk level scenarios. The joint effects of the risk factors were then estimated for all the scenarios. RESULTS: The highest avoidable burdens in the theoretical, plausible, and feasible minimum risk level scenarios for the non-use of child restraints on urban roads were 52.25, 28.63, and 46.67, respectively. In contrast, the value of this index for speeding was 76.24, 37.00, and 62.23, respectively, for rural roads. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the different scenarios considered in this research, we suggest focusing on future interventions to decrease the prevalence of speeding, the non-use of child restraints, the use of cell phones while driving, and helmet disuse, and the laws related to these items should be considered seriously.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Accidents, Traffic , Cell Phone , Head Protective Devices , Iran , Joints , Jurisprudence , Police , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Background: Surgery is one of the best choices for the treatment of hydatidosis
The use of effective scolicidal agents during surgery for hydatid cyst is essential to prevent the secondary infection. Up to now no effective and safe agent has been identified for this purpose
Berberis vulgaris called [Zereshk] in Persian has been traditionally used as herbal remedy for the treatment of complaints and it is widely cultivated in Iran. Many studies have shown that it has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic effect
Methods: In this study the scolicidal effect of Berberis vulgaris aqueous and hydro-alcohol extract for different concentrations [for aqueous: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 nig/ml and for hydro-alcohol: 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml] at different exposure times [5, 15 and 30 minutes] was evaluated. For this purpose, we obtained liver hydatid-cysts from a slaughter house
Viability of protoscolices was assessed by 0.1% eosin staining. Normal saline and hypertonic saline were used as negative and positive controls respectively
Results: All the different concentrations of Berberis vulgaris aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts had scolicidal effect
An aqueous extract with 4mg/ml concentration acted as positive control and we observed to lead to the death of 100% of protoscolices in the first 5 minutes
The least scolicidal effect [12.3%] was observed in an aqueous extract with 0.5 mg/ml concentration.The scolicidal activity of hydro-alcoholic extract with concentration of 2 mg/ml was 100% after 5 min of application, which was the same as positive control group
We noticed a significant increase in protoscolicidal activity with an increase in concentration in the two extracts of Berberis vulgaris [P<0.001]
Conclusion: It is important to mention that all the concentration levels and exposure times applied in this experiment are relatively low, since scolitical activity in both of the extracts is at its highest in this low spectrum. For further experiments, we suggest that the stability of cyst fluid in both of the extracts should be assessed
Therefore, after In vivo examination and additional experiments, it may be used as a suitable and effective scolicidal in surgery
ABSTRACT
For the purpose of cost modeling, the semi-parametric single-index two-part model was utilized in the paper. Furthermore, as functional gastrointestinal diseases which are well-known as common causes of illness among the society people in terms of both the number of patients and prevalence in a specific time interval, this research estimated the average cost of functional gastrointestinal diseases. Health care policy-makers seek for real and accurate estimations of society's future medical costs. However, data dealt with in hygienic studies have characteristics which make their analysis complicated; distribution of cost data is highly skewed since many patients pay great costs. In addition, medical costs of many persons are zero in a specific time interval. Indeed, medical costs data are often right skewed, including remarkable number of zeros, and may be distributed non-homogeneously. In modeling these costs by the semi-parametric single-index two-part model, parameters were determined by method of least squares; a result of this method was compared with the results yielded from two-part parametric model. Average costs of functional gastrointestinal diseases and their standard deviation in semi-parametric and parametric methods were yielded as $72.69 +/- 108.96 [R[2]=0.38] and $75.93 +/- 122.29 [R[2]=0.33] respectively. Based on R[2] index, the semi-parametric model is recognized as the best model. Totally, the two-part parametric regression model is a simple and available model which can be easily interpreted; on the other hand, though the single-index two-part semi-parametric model cannot be easily interpreted, it has considerable flexibility. The study goals can be indeed used as me main factor for choosmg one of these two models
ABSTRACT
Background and study aims: Recent studies have shown that the high prevalence and the various clinical presentations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [GERD] and dyspepsia impose an enormous economic burden on society. Economic cost data have unique characteristics: they are counts, and they have zero inflation. Therefore, these data require special models. Poisson regression [PR], negative binomial regression [NB], zero inflated Poisson [ZIP] and zero inflated negative binomial [ZINB] regression are the models used for analysing cost data in this paper
Patients and methods: In this study, a cross-sectional household survey was distributed to a random sample of individuals between May 2006 and December 2007 in the Tehran province of Iran to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders and their related factors. The cost associated with each item was calculated. PR, NB, ZIP and ZINB models were used to analyse the data. The likelihood ratio test and the Voung test were used to conduct pairwise comparisons of the models. The log likelihood, the Akaike information criterion [AIC] and the Bayesian information criterion [BIC] were used to compare the performances of the models
Results: According to the likelihood ratio test and the Voung test and all three criteria used to compare the performance of the models, ZINB regression was identified as the best model for analysing the cost data. Sex, age, smoking status, BMI, insurance status and education were significant predictors
Conclusion: Because the NB model demonstrated a better fit than the PR and ZIP models, over-dispersion was clearly only due to unobserved heterogeneity. In contrast, according to the likelihood ratio test, the ZINB model was more appropriate than the ZIP model. The ZINB model for the cost data was more appropriate than the other models
Subject(s)
Dyspepsia/diagnosis , Costs and Cost Analysis/economics , Statistics , Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology , Dyspepsia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective [s]: This study was performed to translate and validatie the Persian version of Critical Care Family Needs Inventory [CCFNI] assessing family needs of admitted patients in the intensive care units and to determine its validation
Methods: After translation qualitative face validity and content validity was established for the questionnaire. In order to evaluate the construct validity, known-groups comparison [nonsurgical versus surgical patients] was performed and to determine its differential validity, intensive care unit were compared with the conventional wards using independent-sample t -test. The internal consistency [Cronbach's alpha coefficients] were used to assess the scale reliability. 150 family members of patients in intensive care units and 150 patients' family members in general medical and surgical wards participated in this study
Results: Significant differences were found between surgical and nonsurgical patients' family [p=0.03] as well as the intensive care unit and conventional wards [p=0.007]. There were significant positive correlations between all scale dimensions [0.684
Conclusion: The findings confirmed that the Iranian version of Critical Care Family Need Inventory is a valid measure for assessing family needs of patients admitted to intensive care units
ABSTRACT
Many commonly used statistical methods require that the population distribution be nearly normal. Unfortunately, in some papers the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has been used for testing normality while the assumptions of applying this test are not satisfied. To conduct this test, it is assumed that the population distribution is fully specified. In practical situation where the mean and SD of population distribution is not specified in advance, one can use a modification of the K-S test for checking the normality assumption which is called, Lilliefors test. In this paper, we explain the method of computing this test with some common statistical softwares such as SPSS, S-PLUS, R and StatXact and utilize a dermatology dataset from Skin Research Center of Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital to illustrate how the use of the one-sample K-S [with the mean and SD estimated from the sample] instead of its modification can be misleading in practice. We also use Monte Carlo simulation to compare the approximate power of the one-sample K-S test [with the estimated population mean and SD] with Lilliefors test in some common specified continuous distributions. The result indicates that one should not use the one-sample K-S test for assessing the normality assumption in practical situation
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In interventional or observational longitudinal studies, the issue of missing values is one of the main concepts that should be investigated. The researcher's main concerns are the impact of missing data on the final results of the study and the appropriate methods that missing values should be handled. Regarding the role and the scale of the variable that missing values have been occurred and the structure of missing values, different methods for analysis have been presented. In this article, the impact of missing values on a binary response variable, in a longitudinal clinical trial with three follow up sessions has been investigated Propensity Score, Predictive Model Based and Mahalanobis imputation strategies with complete case and available data methods have been used for dealing with missing values in the mentioned study. Three models; Random intercept, Marginal GEE and Marginalized Random effects models were implemented to evaluate the effect of covariates. The percentage of missing responses in each of the treatment groups, throughout the course of the study, differs from 6.8 to 14.1. Although, the estimate of variance component in random intercept and marginalized random effect models were highly significant [p <0.001] the same results were obtained for the effect of independent variables on the response variable with different imputation strategies. In our study according to the low missing percentage, there were no considerable differences between different methods that were used for handling missing data
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The aim of this study was to compare alternatives methods for analysis of zero inflated count data and compare them with simple count models that are used by researchers frequently for such zero inflated data. Analysis of viral load and risk factors could predict likelihood of achieving sustain virological response [SVR]. This information is useful to protect a person from acquiring Hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection. The distribution of viral load contains a large proportion of excess zeros [HCV-RNA under 100], that can lead to over-dispersion. This data belonged to a longitudinal study conducted between 2005 and 2010. The response variable was the viral load of each HCV patient 6 months after the end of treatment. Poisson regression [PR], negative binomial regression [NB], zero inflated Poisson regression [ZIP] and zero inflated negative binomial regression [ZINB] models were carried out to the data respectively. Log likelihood, Akaike Information Criterion [AIC] and Bayesian Information Criterion [BIC] were used to compare performance of the models. According to all criterions, ZINB was the best model for analyzing this data. Age, having risk factors genotype 3 and protocol of treatment were being significant. Zero inflated negative binomial regression models fit the viral load data better than the Poisson, negative binomial and zero inflated Poisson models
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Risk Factors , Prognosis , Viral Load , Models, Statistical , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Objective[s]: To evaluate the effectiveness of Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment [COPE] program on psychological conditions of mothers of preterm infants hospitalized in NICUs of hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 90 mothers of premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care units. COPE mothers received 2 intervention sessions of audiotaped and written materials with workbook. Duration between sessions was 2 to 4 days
Results: Mothers in the creating opportunities for parent empowerment program reported significantly less stress and anxiety [P<0.001]
Conclusion: Creating opportunities for parent empowerment program diminished mothers stress and anxiety. This study showed that early interventions during neonatal hospitalization and educational behavioral information in written form may have positive effect on maternal psychological condition
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Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. In spite of on-going researches in this filed, the specific causes of prostate cancer are so far unknown. In this study, we used two methods of Gene Set Analysis to improve the biological interpretation of the observed expression patterns in prostate cancer. The Gene Set Analysis is a computational method to discover gene sets whose expression is associated with a phenotype of interest. In addition, we used these methods to search gene sets defined by KEGG and BioCarta. Although, our results showed that most of the gene sets were associated with prostate cancer in the Category and Hotelling's T[2] methods, the power of the Hotelling's T[2] was more than Category method in either KEGG or BioCarta gene sets. The concordance between the results of Pubmed articles and KEGG gene sets was more than the results of Pubmed articles and BioCarta gene sets
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OBJECTIVE@#To present the geographical map of malaria and identify some of the important environmental factors of this disease in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran.@*METHODS@#We used the registered malaria data to compute the standard incidence rates (SIRs) of malaria in different areas of Sistan and Baluchistan province for a nine-year period (from 2001 to 2009). Statistical analyses consisted of two different parts: geographical mapping of malaria incidence rates, and modeling the environmental factors. The empirical Bayesian estimates of malaria SIRs were utilized for geographical mapping of malaria and a Poisson random effects model was used for assessing the effect of environmental factors on malaria SIRs.@*RESULTS@#In general, 64,926 new cases of malaria were registered in Sistan and Baluchistan Province from 2001 to 2009. Among them, 42,695 patients (65.8%) were male and 22,231 patients (34.2%) were female. Modeling the environmental factors showed that malaria incidence rates had positive relationship with humidity, elevation, average minimum temperature and average maximum temperature, while rainfall had negative effect on malaria SIRs in this province.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results of the present study reveals that malaria is still a serious health problem in Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran. Geographical map and related environmental factors of malaria can help the health policy makers to intervene in high risk areas more efficiently and allocate the resources in a proper manner.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Bayes Theorem , Delivery of Health Care , Health Policy , Humidity , Incidence , Iran , Epidemiology , Malaria , Epidemiology , Malaria Vaccines , Models, Statistical , Policy Making , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
In recent decades there has been increasing focus on developing and localizing quality of life [QOL] instruments in different societies In this study, we aim to translate WHO'S Quality of Life WHOQOL-100 questionnaire into the Persian language and assess the validity and reliability of the translated version. We used a forward-backward procedure to translate the questionnaire. A pilot sample of 60 university students was recruited to assess the repeatability and construct validity of the instrument. To assess the construct validity, 60 university students filled out both the WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. Then, 500 healthy and 500 disabled individuals were randomly selected using a multistage sampling technique. The internal consistency of the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha in the sample. In addition, a multiple linear regression model was utilized for assessing the discriminant validity of this instrument, adjusting for different confounders. Test-retest analysis of data from the pilot sample showed that the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 has acceptable repeatability [ICCs for all six domains were higher than 0.7]. In addition, computation of the correlation between the domains of WHOQOL-100 and WHOQOL-BREF showed satisfactory construct validity. Analyzing the data from 500 healthy and 500 disabled persons revealed that all domains of WHOQOL-100 met the minimum level of acceptable internal consistency. Multiple regression results showed acceptable discriminant validity for all domains of the Persian version, except for the spiritual domain. In general, the Persian version of the WHOQOL-100 had satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing QOL of Iranian people. However, we recommend further research for challenging the problem of the spiritual domain
Subject(s)
Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychometrics , Disabled Persons/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Translating , Students/psychology , Reproducibility of Results , Linear ModelsABSTRACT
Cognitive-based human errors have major contribution to performance and safety in working environment. This study designed to develop a measurement tool in order to evaluate this type of errors in the occupational settings. An Occupational Cognitive Failure Questionnaire [OCFQ] was developed. Content validity of the OCFQ was performed using a quantitative approach. Reliability of questionnaire was assessed by internal consistency and test-retest methods. A preliminary list of 35-items was prepared as a starting point. After evaluation of validity, five items were rejected. The new measurement instrument with 30-items was finally developed. The content validity index [CVI] for the final OCFQ was found acceptable [CVI=0.7]. Results show that final OCFQ was internally consistent [alpha=96] and intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] was 0.99. Measurement of cognitive failure in the workplace requires a valid and reliable tool. In respect to probable outcomes of cognitive failures occurrence at work, the present study suggested that OCFQ would be a useful instrument for measurement of cognitive failure in the working environment
ABSTRACT
Bruxism is defined as the habitual nonfunctional forceful contact between occlusal tooth surfaces. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bruxism and correlated factors in children referred to dental schools of Tehran, based on parents' report. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 600 4-12 year-old children with a mean age of 7.4 +/- 2.4 years, who were referred to four dental schools in Tehran. After collecting information with questionnaire filled out by parents, chi[2] Fisher Test, Mann-Whitney and t-Test were used to analyze the data. The prevalence of bruxism was 26.2%. Bruxism begun in average at the age of 4.9 +/- 2 years. Also it occurred 2.6 times more in children who had a family history of bruxism [father-mother], compared to children who didn't have such a history. 87% of children with bruxism had a history of distressing events in their life, and 13% of children with bruxism did not report any history of distressing events in their life. In this study most common oral habit was nail biting. In study of parasomnias, drooling was the most, and snoring the least reported sleep disorder. Bruxism in children with drooling was twice more than in other children. The prevalence of bruxism in children with temporomandibular disorder was 63.6% and in children without TMD was 24.7%. Based on parents' report, 26.2% of children showed bruxism and there was a significant relation between bruxism and mother's job, family history, distressing event in life, parasomnias, especially drooling and sleep walking, TMD, hyperactivity, depression, acrophobia and lygophobia